GRE Test Preparation - How to Write an Essay Sample Using a GRE Issue Study Guide

GRE Test Preparation - How to Write an Essay Sample Using a GRE Issue Study GuideHave you ever wondered how to write a GRE issue essay sample that will convince your reviewer that you are a real candidate for admission? Are you tired of spending so much time on test preparation? Do you want to see that you spend most of your time on testing instead of studying?If you're in this situation, then you need to try something different. You should start writing a GRE essay using a GRE issue study guide that is specifically designed to solve the common problems faced by students in the GRE section. Once you have spent some time learning how to write a GRE issue sample using these GRE test guide programs, you will find that your overall GRE score will be considerably higher.There are two main problems that people find when they are trying to study for the GRE. The first problem is that they are unable to read properly and the second problem is that they don't know how to structure their essay s. Most students who spend a great deal of time preparing for the GRE write enough essays in the preparation process but only a small number of them will actually end up reading them.That's because they are focused on test taking instead of on learning how to think. In other words, they are spending their time on studying. This is one of the reasons why so many students fail at the GRE test and why they rarely get accepted.Your GRE essay is the first opportunity that you have to show your potential employer that you have put in some serious time. If you don't believe that you can write a well-formatted essay, then you should look to see what the candidates from previous years are doing to prepare for the test. You will find that most of them spend hundreds of hours on preparing for the GRE section and that most of them are more than a little anxious about how they are going to get their scores.TheGRE test is not the only reason why you need to spend time on the preparation process. It's important that you learn how to organize your thoughts and determine which of them are going to show you that you are a strong candidate for admission. If you don't think that you can use GRE test prep software, then you can download a GRE test prep guide that has already been tested and used by students who are in the middle of the test.To sum it up, GRE test preparation is absolutely crucial if you want to get a good score. Once you have learned how to structure an essay properly, you will realize that you spend a lot of time on the preparation process and that it will be worth it. If you have already gone through the process and are still stuck, then perhaps you should consider trying out a GRE study guide program.

Fredrick The Great Essays - House Of Hohenzollern,

Fredrick The Great Why did Prussia need Frederick the great? Before Frederick took charge Prussia was not a country. It was broken into separate territories. France and England had become very powerful in the 1600s and Prussia felt endangered. Fredericks father Frederick the I was the elector of Prussia. When Frederick came to power his goal was to make Prussia a country. He believed that good government was rational but also authoritarian. Frederick was the first modern organizer. He put most of the countrys wealth intro the military. He believed that the key to a countrys wealth was through its military. 80% of Prussias income went to the military. Prussia selected people for the military through the draft. Eventually Frederick died and left the kingdom to his son. Frederick the great was left with a 72,000 person military. This was a great deal of people for such a little country. Prussia only had 2,000,000 people. Frederick the great believed that the idea of Prussian buacracy was that if you pay people well you would get loyalty. Frederick saw government as a contract with his people. Frederick was a very enlightened ruler. He believed that God had not chosen him to be Prussias ruler. This was shocking because in Fredericks time kings were thought to be chosen from God. Frederick was enlightened in three ways. He didnt allow government officials to take money. He didnt allow his subjects to be tortured. Finally, he had religious toleration. Frederick found that it was time to expand Prussia into a great nation so he conducted a series of wars. These wars were called the Silesian Wars. Frederick started these wars for three reasons. The first reason was to show the rest of Europe how powerful Prussia was. The second reason was Frederick had an ambition to expand Prussia. The final reason was that silesia had over 1,000,000 people. This was half the size of his nation. More people meant more mo ney for his army. Why did Prussia need Frederick the Great? Prussia needed someone that fights for the people. Prussia needed someone who cared about his subjects. Prussia all a long, had the talent to become a great nation. It just needed someone to give them a kick-start. Frederick was this person. Frederick put himself on his subjects level. This was revolutionary idea. I leave you with a quote from Frederick to sum everything up. Frederick said, I am the first servant of the state. History Essays

Free Essays on The American Revolution

The initial relationship between the North American colonies and Great Britain was positive, each side benefiting from the other. England’s hold of these colonies was a major asset to them financially and had major positive affects on their economy. As was it the same from the other end, as Edmund S. Morgan agrees that the colonists felt they had advantages as being part of the British Empire. The policy under which England governed the colonies, known as salutary neglect, was very loose; the only regulations being the Navigation Acts. These were placed on the colonies but were not harshly enforced. However, as the competition for world power began to increase between imperial countries, England felt it would be further beneficial if they strengthened their control of the colonies, who in turn, would lose freedoms. Due to the actions taken by England from the mid-1750’s to the eve of the Revolution, the Americans drastically shifted their view of their mother government . The increasing firmness of Great Britain’s control over the colonies prompted the first of the colonists’ revolutionary thoughts. Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763, which created boundaries of where the colonists could settle. This new sense of control upset the Americans, but not enough for any major action. Next, in 1764, the Sugar Act was passed, which tightened the sugar and molasses market to British agents. It also put duties on foreign imports to raise revenues. The colonial reaction was the first experiments with boycotts of the import. According to Thomas Draper, the colonists initially wanted to return to the way things were prior to 1763, because that had worked in their favor. The following year, the Stamp Act was passed, and was met with extreme opposition. It affected almost every colonist in everyday life, and limited not only their political rights, but their legal rights as well. The colonists reacted in various and numerous forms fro... Free Essays on The American Revolution Free Essays on The American Revolution Many historians trace the beginnings of the modern world to the Revolutions of the late 1700's. The first of these was the American Revolution, in which 13 British Colonies in North America declared their independence from their mother country and successfully resisted British Military pressure for seven years (1775-1783). Even before the Declaration of Independence was signed, British troops began arriving to put down the rebellion. These troops would not leave for five years. In 1775, the first military conflicts between the British and Americans occurred at Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts as British soldiers attempted to capture a storehouse of American weapons. During this time the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and named George Washington commander of American troops fighting around Boston, which the British had under siege. Before Washington arrived, British and American troops clashed at Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill. In 1776, Thomas Paine, a writer arrived from Britain, and he published Common Sense, a pamphlet that urged the American colonies to throw off British rule. The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia after the Second Continental Congress decided that the colonies must break away from the British rule. The British finally left Boston but they captured New York City after fighting General Washington and his troops. The Americans retreated to Pennsylvania. Between 1776 and 1777 during a surprise move on the British and their Hessian mercenaries, Washington captured British garrisons at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey taking weapons and ammunition. American troops defeated combined forces of the British at Saratoga, New York. A turning point in the war, this victory strengthened American morals and convinced the French to send military aid and supplies to the Americans. During the bitter Winter of 1777-1778 American soldiers faced starvation and ... Free Essays on The American Revolution In Kirk D. Werner’s book The American Revolution, I learned all I ever wanted to know about the American Revolution. The book began from the very beginning, clear back before they came to the New World. I will discuss the main three reasons why the colonist’s left England; those were because of Political, Economic and Social Causes. I will also discuss the several Acts that were approved in the Revolution. In my opinion of the American Revolution the Political reason was the most important, because for the most part the colonists did not agree that the Parliament had the right to make laws for American colonists and to tax them when the colonists had no elected representatives in the Parliament. Other Political causes of the Revolution were the proclamation of 1763, which were, plans to reduce conflicts with the colonists and the Indians. It stated that no one was permitted to cross the mountains without the consent of British officials. American fur traders who wanted to settle the western lands resented the Proclamation. The colonists living in America had enjoyed relative freedom from England since they arrived. They came to the New World, after all, to escape England, for whatever reasons they may have had- religious, economic, or social. So when England decided in the eighteenth century that they were going to crack down on the colonies, the announcement was not met with open arms. In fact, rebellion was expected. Everhart 2 The Economic causes of the Revolution are second most important. In the eyes of Great Britain the American colonists’ primary job was to build a favorable balance of trade. With a favorable balance of trade a nation could be self-sufficient, become wealthy and build a powerful army and navy. However the British laws were to hard on the American colonists. The Sugar Act of 1764, placed taxes on molasses, sugar and other products imported from places outside the British Empire. M... Free Essays on The American Revolution â€Å"Americans saw themselves as a new society ideally equipped for a republican future.† (pg 4) This is what John Adams said in reference to the American Revolution. People realized that they did not like how Britain was ruling them from afar and they thought they knew what they needed better than any King would. After starting to think thing way, many things pushed them closer and closer to fight for their independence. After the French were defeated in the French and Indian War, people wanted to own land and started to settle farther towards the western frontier. Everyone wanted land. People like Ezra Stiles, a minister in Newport, to Benjamin Franklin wanted to buy and sell land. The Indians were getting frustrated with the settlers because they kept taking more and more of their land. The British decided to use royal troops to stop the Indians from fighting with the settlers. The population in the backcountry was growing due to many settlers coming from all over Europe. Since the population was growing, authority was weakening but cities were getting richer and normal Americans could afford luxurious things that only the wealthy owned before. One of the biggest problems for Britain was reorganizing the territory they got from France and Spain after the Seven Years’ war: new governments, Indian regulation, land claims, and warfare between settlers and Indians. The war caused Britain a huge debt and to keep the fighting down between Indians and the settlers, they had to keep troops in America. To help pay for all this debt, the British had to tax somebody so they decided to make taxes on things for the American settles, for example the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Molasses Act of 1733. This made settlers very mad and they declared these acts as unconstitutional and tried to do what they could to ignore them. In response to this, the British decided to use indirect taxes instead of direct. This only paid a... Free Essays on The American Revolution The initial relationship between the North American colonies and Great Britain was positive, each side benefiting from the other. England’s hold of these colonies was a major asset to them financially and had major positive affects on their economy. As was it the same from the other end, as Edmund S. Morgan agrees that the colonists felt they had advantages as being part of the British Empire. The policy under which England governed the colonies, known as salutary neglect, was very loose; the only regulations being the Navigation Acts. These were placed on the colonies but were not harshly enforced. However, as the competition for world power began to increase between imperial countries, England felt it would be further beneficial if they strengthened their control of the colonies, who in turn, would lose freedoms. Due to the actions taken by England from the mid-1750’s to the eve of the Revolution, the Americans drastically shifted their view of their mother government . The increasing firmness of Great Britain’s control over the colonies prompted the first of the colonists’ revolutionary thoughts. Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763, which created boundaries of where the colonists could settle. This new sense of control upset the Americans, but not enough for any major action. Next, in 1764, the Sugar Act was passed, which tightened the sugar and molasses market to British agents. It also put duties on foreign imports to raise revenues. The colonial reaction was the first experiments with boycotts of the import. According to Thomas Draper, the colonists initially wanted to return to the way things were prior to 1763, because that had worked in their favor. The following year, the Stamp Act was passed, and was met with extreme opposition. It affected almost every colonist in everyday life, and limited not only their political rights, but their legal rights as well. The colonists reacted in various and numerous forms fro... Free Essays on The American Revolution There are several reasons that the 13 colonies tried to gain their independence from Britain. First off, Britain taxed all imports and exports from the colonies, and the taxes were unreasonable high. Second, the British used the Americas to send all their criminals to, which in turn started to pollute the states with crime. Third, the British government was not applied to the states in a way that it could be enforced, due to the lack of government officials. British soldiers were also very hostile towards the new colonies, and the population as a whole was being suppressed. This is when all the colonies came together and decided to revolt against Britain for their freedom. The first battle started after the governor of Massachusetts, ordered by the British, sent 700 troops to Concord to destroy the colonialists’ weapons on April 18th 1775. Paul Revere and William Dawes went to Lexington to warn Sam Adams and John Hancock about the attack. The next morning about 70 militiamen prevented the British from invading the town. April 23rd 1775, the colonial army, with a force of 13,600 men, starts a yearlong attack on the main British port of Boston. May 10th, the Second Continental Congress convenes in Philadelphia, and five days later, they unanimously vote for George Washington to be the commander-in-chief of the continental army. The first major fight was the Battle of Bunker Hill. The fight might have been won by the American is they had not run out of ammunition. Overall 400 American troops and over 1,000 British died during the battle. July 3rd 1775, George Washington takes control of the 17,000 men in the American Army. November 28th, the American Navy is established, and John Paul Jones is appointed top lieutenant. John Paul Jones did daring raids along the British coast and the famous victory of the HMS Serapis, when after his ship started sinking and caught fire, said, â€Å"I have not yet begun to fight†, and eve...

Acid Mine Drainage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Acid Mine Drainage - Essay Example In such it discusses all the possible avenues with which AMD can emerge and gives in depth analysis with regard to the chemical composition, reaction and eventual production of the AMD. This paper also strives to give in summary different sources of the AMD and the appropriate remedies that can be put into practice to quench the lethal problems associated with AMD. In the same breadth, it discusses the health related problems associated with AMD as well as those of ecological. This paper can be of meaningful help to those who work in the mines and risk contracting the problems linked with the site. When the precautionary measures that are discussed in this paper are stringently followed by the concerned individuals with the appropriate technology and man power, there is no doubt the problem of the AMD will be a thing of the past. 2.0 Introduction Acid mines drainage (AMD) is one of the major environmental threats that comes as a result of extraction of minerals for economic purposes. If these mines are not properly managed, then the exercise of extraction results into a serious environmental menace. Essentially acid mines drainage is a peculiar kind of a wastewater that that results from the continuous processes of weathering as well as leaching of coal and metalliferrous compounds that contain sulphur as an element in them. The various activities of mining for example, strip and underground mining exposes the sulfide (pyrite) and other metallic compounds that incorporate sulphur to a level of oxidation given the availability of oxygen and water. The oxidation process will increase the acidity level i.e. low P.H value, as the value of the P.H decreases, the oxidation process of the metals equally increases increases and this significantly reduces the water quality and culminate into water pollution (Drever 133). The formatio n of the acid mines drainage process can also be facilitated by through biological processes. The microorganism thiobaccillus ferroxidants is an acid tolerant microbe and is known to be associated with acid mines drainage sites as it enhances the oxidation of the compounds that contain sulphur compounds (Drever 147). . The resultant water in the acid mines drainages are very hazardous to health, in that the acidity and the components of water from the mines contain lethal chemicals. As stated above, without the buffering processes of the process, the acidity level will exponentially increase accelerating weathering process and subsequent development and continuation of the acid mines drainages (Drever 151). 3.0 Origin of Acid Mine Drainage Several factors can bring about development of the acid mines drainages, coming into contact between the surface water (oxygenated) with the pyritic ores is one of the ways that largely contribute to the formation of the acid mines drainage. This interaction takes place in three different ways; when the mining processes change the direction of flow of the water pattern to areas endowed with rocks that have been in constant touch with the ground water that is anoxically stagnant (Berner and Berner 98). The other possibility is when the spoils form the pyritic mining is disposed in an area of percolating oxygenated water, and when the pyritic minerals waste materials are directly discharged into the aquatic environment. 4.0 Results The formation of the acid mines drainages results into several environmental degradative processes that are vey detrimental to the survival biological life, in such, measures are always put into place as precautionary obligation to ensure

Case studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case studies - Essay Example (Education, 2009) In Truth v. Kent School District, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Washington's Kentridge High School did not violate the First Amendment rights of Truth, a Christian student group, by repeatedly denying the group's applications for official recognition. The school denied Truth's application because the group asked all voting members and officers to sign a "statement of faith" that the school contends violates nondiscrimination policies. By finding that the school had not violated Truth's First Amendment right to freedom of association, the Ninth Circuit directly contradicted Supreme Court precedent granting groups the right to choose their membership based on shared beliefs. The Ninth Circuit's holding in Truth directly conflicts with Legal Society v. Walker, in which the Seventh Circuit found that a public law school's refusal to recognize a Christian student group because of the group's membership requirements violated the group's First Amendment right to freedom of e xpressive association. FIRE's brief asks the Supreme Court to reconcile this split between the circuits. Boy Scouts held that the Scouts could exclude scoutmasters who were openly engaged in homosexual behavior and Rosenberger held that religious student organizations were entitled to viewpoint-neutral access to student-fee funds. Seemingly however, they rest on a backdrop of other cases, most importantly Healy v. James which reversed a university's decision to deny recognition to Students for a Democratic Society) and Widmar v. Vincent which held that universities had to provide religious student organizations with equal access to university benefits. The Healy court held that there was a free-association interest in student-organization recognition: "There can be no doubt that denial of official recognition, without justification, to college organizations burdens or abridges that associational right." On a university campus, recognition goes hand in hand with existence. If you are not recognized by the university, you have guaranteed marginalization. There is a tremendous qualifier w ith respect to on campus and off campus activities. The Supreme Court has clearly established the following: "Student organizations have a free-association right in recognition; religious student organizations have a right to access university facilities; and religious student organizations have a right to access student-activity-fee funds." (French, 2009) The problem exists, with respect to the qualifier and the question remains as to whether the qualifier comes first or whether the constitutional right takes precedence. B. Problem 16* Midstate University is a large state university. In the last few years, several student organizations have been established at the university that focus, in whole or in part, on religious values, religious worship, and religious evangelism. The New Light Fellowship, a student group affiliated with an outside religious organization, has been active on campus for two years. It is recognized by the Student Government Association, and thus receives funding from mandatory student fees and is allowed to hold

Construction Procurement Methods Compared

Construction Procurement Methods Compared Procurement is comes from the word of procure which is means to bring about and to acquire. Method is about organized method, technique, process or procedure (Rosli Abdul Rashid 2006). Procurement method is an overall management structure and specific management practices used in the project such as houses, office buildings, shopping complex, roads, bridges etc. Traditionally, clients who wished to have projects constructed would invariably commission a designer, normal an architect for building projector an engineer for civil engineering projects. The designer would prepare drawings for the proposed scheme and, where the project was a sufficient size, a quantity surveyor would prepare estimates and documentation on which contractors could prepare their prices. Each of the different methods has been used at some time in the industry. New procurement systems will continue to be developed to meet new requirements and demands from clients, contactor and the professions (Allan Ashworth, 2008). There are many more types of procurement systems used in the construction industry nowadays. However, the focus is only on the type of procurement systems that commonly used in Malaysia for example traditional system, design and build, management contracting and construction management. 2.1 Concept of Traditional System Traditional System is also known as Design-Bid-Build (DBB). It is most common use in the construction industry. With this option, the client appoint an architect to prepare a brief, a scheme outline and working drawings, and to invite tenders and administer the project though issuing instructions, inspecting the work under construction and preparing certificates for payment. In another word, architect is to prepare design proposals to meet the client requirements. The architect may also, with the clients approval, appoint other consultant such as quantity surveyor and structural engineers. The contractor, who has no responsibility for the design, will usually be selected by competitive tendering. The design team work independently from the contractor, who is responsible for executing the construction work in accordance with the teams of the contract (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.1.1 Contractual relationships of Traditional System The client is in direct contractual relationship with the consultants on the one hand and the contractor on the other. Any contractual links for only where they clients make nominations is it advisable to recommend collateral agreements to protect his interests in respect of any matters which might lie outside the building contract (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.1.2 Management Relationship of Traditional System The figure 2.3 is the management relationship of the traditional system. Architect is as the lead designer to coordinate with Engineers on the part of M E works. Architects are also to ensure that the design complies with the local authority requirements. Besides that, Architects is to manage the whole project and supervise the works. Contractors to execute and complete the building works based on the design and specifications in the contracts. Contractors are to coordinate with the nominated Sub-contractors (NSC) on specialist works. 2.1.3 Advantages of Traditional System The quality of work is control by Client. Client can achieve the best price through competitive tendering. Clients can easily request any variation of the works. Clients interest is protected by the Consultants who serve as advisors and independent certifies in the building contracts. 2.1.4 Disadvantages of Traditional System From inception to completion of the project need relatively longer period. The communication channel among various consultants may be incompetent. Client maybe too difficult to coordinate with the various consultants. 2.2 Concept of Design Build Design Build (D B) is a procurement system where a single organization undertakes the responsibilities and risks for both the design and construction phased. There may be various levels of employer involvement in the design: in the pure form of D B, the client engages a building contractor at the outset who is then responsible both for the design and the construction of the work. The typical payment method for D B is a lump sum, payable in monthly installments, based on a cost document that forms part of the Contractor s Proposals which is itself a tendered or negotiated response to the Employers Requirements, documents that form the basis of the contract (W.Hughes, 2006). With D B, it is likely that in the absence of in-house professional staff, the client will wish to engage outside consultants to advise on the preparation of requirements and to evaluate and select tenders etc. the main contractual link is between client and the contractor and the clients agent or representative has only a limited role. The contractor might also have a contractual link with his own design consultants, and with sub-contractors and suppliers. As the contractor is wholly responsible for their performance, both in terms of design and construction, there might be less need for collateral agreements between them and the clients (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.2.1 Contractual relationships of Design Build With a design and build arrangement, instead of using and architect or engineer for a separate design service, the client chooses to employ a contractor directly for an all-in design and construction services. It may also be necessary and desirable to employ independent professional advisers to monitor the progress and quality of the contractors work and to agree the value of interim certificate for payment purposes (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.2.2 Management Relationship of Design Build The figure 2.5 is the management relationship of the D B. Clients state his requirements through his consultants who prepares the Employers Requirement or conceptual design. D B Contractor is prepares the details design and prepare the cost proposals to the client. Therefore, successful D B contractors are responsible for designing, planning, organizing, constructing and controlling the whole project. The scope of the design obligation needs to be set out as clearly as possible. 2.2.3 Advantages of Design Build Ease of communication- Client only needs to liaise with one party i.e DB Contractor, it is direct contact with the client. Saving in time and cost of construction. The contractors experience with the project from inception. The option for contractor s to include their constructing capability in the proposed design. No claim for possible delays due to a lack of drawn information. 2.2.4 Disadvantages of Design Build Design possibilities are not explored in full and tend to be restricted by the D B Contractors standard design and construction method. Quality of materials may be compromised in view of the D B Contractors profit. Client is discouraged to order any variations of works. Client must select only D B Contractor with good reputation and track record. 2.3 Concept of Management Contracting The term management contracting is used to describe a method of organizing the project team and operating the construction process. The management contracting acts in a professional capacity, providing the management expertise and buildability requirement to the overheads and profits involved in return for a fee. The contractor does not therefore participate in the profitability of the construction work itself and does not directly employ any of the labour and plant, except possibly for those items involved in setting up of the site and the costs normally associated with preliminary works. Because the contractor is employed on a fee basis, the appointment can take place early during the design stage. The contractor is therefore able to provide a substantial input into the practical aspects of the building technology process. Each trade required for the project is tendered for independently by subcontractor, either upon the basis of the measured work packages or a lump sum. This should therefore result in the lowest cost for each trade and thus for the construction work as a whole. The management contractor assumes full responsibility for the control of the work on site (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.3.1 Contractual relationships of Management Contracting The contractual relationship in a management contract is between the client and the management contractor, with all works contactor in direct relationship with the latter. It may also be desirable to establish a contractual relationship between the client and each work contactors by means a collateral agreement. In construction management the contractual relationship is between the client and the construction manager, with all trades contractors in direct relationship with the former (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.3.2 Management Relationship of Management Contracting The figure 2.7 is the management relationship of the Management Contracting. Management contractor (MC) is to manage construction works for a management fee that comprises a percentage for profit and fixed overheads. Normally MC does not undertake the construction works by himself. Consultants prepare the design; MC determines construction/management method. This method is popular used in UK. 2.3.3 Advantages of Management Contracting Early appointment of contractor as a member of design team to provide management skill. Better coordination control of project through improved management qualities. Shorter project period because increase speed of design and construction 2.3.4 Disadvantages of Management Contracting Pressures on design team in preparation of various tender documentation and tender evaluation. 2.4 Concept of Construction Management The contractual arrangement and services rendered by a construction management firm are not dissimilar from those under management contracting. But relieving such an organization of contractual risk for the performance of sub-contractors is much more effective if they are not contractual intermediaries. Thus, the most significant characteristic of construction management is that there is no general contractor; instead there is a series of direct contractual links between the client and the trade contractors, making the role of the construction management more like a consultant than a contractor. The arrangement is used particularly by experienced clients on projects with short lead-times (W.Hughes, 2006). The construction manager is responsibility for the overall control of the design team and the various trade contractors, throughout both the design phase and the construction phase of the project (Allan Ashworth, 2008). 2.4.1 Contractual Relationship of Construction Management The construction manager is appointed after a careful selection process and is paid a management fee. One basic difference from a management contract is that the trades contracts, although arranged and administered by the construction manager, are direct between the client and the trade contracts. The construction manager is a coordinator, and usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time or cost. The clients direct the project and the client is also likely to carry the greatest burden of the speculative risk (Stanley Cox and Hugh Clamp, 2003). 2.4.2 Management Relationship of Construction Management The figure 2.9 is the management relationship of the Construction Management. Construction Management is separating consultants/designers from management of the project. Construction Manager (CM) replace designer in administration of contract except design/ certification matters. CM concentrates on managing time/ cost using his unique construction expertise. Clients selects all trade contractors and CM managers the project for a fee. 2.4.3 Advantages of Construction Management: Independent management function. Reduction in project durations and costs. Design team able to concentrate on design. No conflict of interest between design and production. 2.4.4 Disadvantages of construction Management: Additional management cost. Erosion of Architects power and responsibilities. 2.5 Summary Traditional Speed: Not the fastest of methods. Complexity: Desirable to have all information at tender stage. Consider two stages or negotiated tendering. Quality: Basically straightforward, but complications can rise if the client requires that certain sub-contractors are used. Clients require certain standards to be shown or described. Contractor is wholly responsible for achieving the stated quality on site. Design and Build Speed:Â  Relatively fast method. Complexity:Â  Pre-tender time largely depends on the amount of the detail in the clients requirements. Construction time reduced because design and building proceed parallel. Quality:Â  A sufficient single contractual arrangement integrating design and construction expertise within one countable organisation. Client has no direct control over the contractors performance. Contractor design expertise may be limited. Client has little say in the choice of specialist sub-contractors. Management Contracting Speed:Â  Early start on site is possible, long before tenders have even been invited for some of the works packages. Complexity:Â  Design and construction skills integrated at an early stage. Complex management operation requiring sophisticated techniques. Quality:Â  Client requires certain standards to be shown or described. Managing contractor responsible for quality of work and materials on site. Construction Management Speed:Â  Relatively fast method. The individual trade contractors are in direct contract with the client. Complexity:Â  Design team able to concentrate on design.Construction Manager concentrates on managing time/ cost using his unique construction expertise. Quality:Â  Construction Manager replace designer in administration of contract except design/ certification matters. 2.5.1 Summary Traditional Flexibility: Clients control design and variations to a large extent. Certainty: Certainty in cost and time before commitment to build. Clear accountability and cost monitoring at all stages. Responsibility: Can be clear-cut division of design and construction. Confusion possible where there is some design input from contractor or specialist sub-contractor and suppliers. Design and Build Flexibility:Â  Virtually none for the client once the contract is signed, without heavy cost penalties. Flexibility in developing details or making substitutions is to the contractors advantage. Certainty:Â  There is a guaranteed cost and completion date. Responsibility:Â  Can be clear division, but confused where the clients requirement are details as this reduces reliance on the contractor or design or performance. Limited role for clients representative during construction. Management Contracting Flexibility:Â  Client can modify or develop design requirements during construction. Managing contactor can adjust programme and costs. Certainty:Â  Client is committed to start building on a cost plan, project drawings and specifications only. Responsibility:Â  Success depends on the management contractors skills. An element of trust is essentials. The professionals team must be well coordinated through all the stages. Construction Management Flexibility:Â  Clients selects all trade contractors and CM managers the project for a fee Certainty:Â  Usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time or cost Responsibility:Â  Success depends on the Construction Manager. 2.5.2 Summary Traditional Advantages: The quality of work is control by Client and Client can achieve the best price through competitive tendering. Disadvantages: From inception to completion of the project need relatively longer period. Summary: Benefits in cost and quality but at the expense of time. Design and Build Advantages:Â  Saving in time and cost of construction. Disadvantages:Â  Quality of materials may be compromised in view of the DB Contractors profit. Summary:Â  Benefits in cost and time but at the expense of quality. Management Contracting Advantages:Â  Increase speed of design and construction, hence shorter project period. Disadvantages:Â  Pressures exerted on design team in preparation of various tender documentation and tender evaluation. Summary:Â  Benefits in time and quality but at the expense of cost. Construction Management Advantages:Â  Reduction in project durations and Design team able to concentrate on design. Disadvantages:Â  Additional management cost and erosion of Architects power and responsibilities. Summary:Â  Benefits in time and quality but at the expense of cost. 2.6 Conclusion As a conclusion, the traditional approach to construction has been to appoint a team of consultants to prepare a design and estimate, and to select an independent constructor. The final would calculate the actual projects costs, develop a programme to fit within the period laid down in the contract, organise the workers and materials deliveries and construct to the standards quality specified in the contact documentations. The client would prefer single point responsibility and a truly fixed price and for projects to be completed as required. Procurement procedures remain is a dynamic activity. They will continue to develop to meet the changing and challenging needs of society and the circumstances under which the industry will find itself working. There are no standard procurement solutions, but each individual projects needs to be considered independently and analysed accordingly. However, is a need to evaluate more carefully the procedures being recommended in order to develop good practice in procurement and to improve the image of the industry.

Police Training Essay

Nowadays professional training is paid more attention as it is one of the best ways to increase job commitment and enhance performance. I think that all police officers should have free access to formal and informal courses, seminars devoted to violent death investigation, interrelations, and criminal laws. The training programs should cover also the principle of supervision and civil liability. Training plays crucial role in today’s police work because training ensures not only organizational efficiency, but also increases effectiveness and productivity of all police departments. It goes without saying that it is hardly possible to except effective work from untrained police officers. Moreover, community doesn’t feel safe if they realize that their police officers aren’t skillful and experienced enough to defend them when necessary. Nevertheless, state funding isn’t enough to solve training dilemma because of lack of money assigned to support training programs. Without money and proper funding it would be difficult to solve the problem. The purpose of training is to promote occupational and professional development of police department through specialized job-related programs. Nevertheless, training differs significantly from education because training is so-called study in the process. Education provides only theoretical background of the particular situations, whereas training develops practical skills and acquirements in real situations. However, I think that training is the second step after education as the officer should firstly realize the aspects of actions and only then should master his skills. Harry More defines training as â€Å"something like an inchoate crime†. He means that training is continuous process and can’t be ever fully accomplished. Training is always a process. Education provides knowledge and training applies it to specific situations. The goals of trainings are: To improve police officer’s performances and job commitment; To develop the sense of responsibility in police officers. It is necessary to underline that training is designed to help individuals to cope better with challenging duties and responsibilities. Simply saying, training helps to perform job better. Training is claimed to be unique because it suggests unity within particular organization. According to More and Miller, modern police training is based on the following philosophical foundations: Positive action is ensured when accompanied by acquired skills and motivation; Learning process depends not only motivation and personal abilities, but also on the instructional methods, behavior of the trainers and the climate within department; Training is considered tripartite responsibility; Training is continuous process requiring constant updating of skills and knowledge. Finally, it is important to document all formal and informal training because it helps to identify what type of training is actually needed. Documenting is defined as task analysis aimed at ensuring the relevance of training. While documenting it becomes possible to identify the tasks performed by the person who holds the position. Also documenting ensures easy assessment of training programs. Tasks analysis helps police officers to determine whether the training program is professional enough to provide skills and knowledge required for particular job. In conclusion it is necessary to note that training develops the following professional skills in police officers: interpersonal communication skills, perception and awareness, decision-making ad critical thinking, adaptability and definitiveness, oral and written communication skills.